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  • DECEMBER 10, 2020 COVID Questions: How Do I Ask My Friends to Respect My Social Distancing?

    Today, D.P. from Georgia asks:

    Not sure if this is a question you can advise on, but it is one that has me upset almost daily.

    I am over 80, single, and live alone. I live in a state with no mask mandate, where people pretty much do as they please as if there was no pandemic. I follow all the guidelines, stay home unless necessary to go out, and have not had a sit-down in-person conversation with anyone in eight months. But I feel that I am coping very well.

    My problem is my group of good friends; only one of them who feels as I do. The others do one or more of the following: eat out in restaurants and buffets, go to nail and hair salons, go to casinos, play golf, visit with each other, had cook-outs with groups of people this summer, take trips, etc.

    Many of their phone conversations, emails, and text messages involve them telling me where they have been, or inviting me to go somewhere with them. They say things like, “Oh, we’ve eaten out three or four times, and it is very safe. Everyone wears a mask,” ” We are very careful,” “everyone is social distanced,” etc. They even want to come get me and take me to a restaurant. When I say no, thanks, they say, “Why don’t you trust us?” Some want to visit me in my house. One asked, “Are you ready to go out to eat yet?” (I wanted to say, “are you ready to die?,” but I didn’t.) I have tried telling them that I go by what the scientists say, that I took a risk-tolerance test and scored zero meaning I take no risks, that I am elderly and high risk, and on and on.

    My question is: Can you give me any ideas on what to say to them that doesn’t end the friendship? My other friend says they all have a death wish. She and I have thought about trying to meet outdoors someplace at a picnic table, but she has to be so careful because she is around a 90-plus-year-old man, so we haven’t done it. I like having contact with my friends, but just about every time I talk to one of them, I get upset. I don’t want to lose almost all the friends I have.

    (This question has been edited lightly for clarity and privacy.)

    D.P., you’re not alone in feeling frustrated with your friends this year. Between the COVID-19 pandemic, a contentious presidential election, and the ongoing national conversation about race and police brutality, many people have had tough conversations with loved ones recently. Some of those talks have forced us to recognize, maybe for the first time, that our opinions differ from those of our friends in fundamental ways. That realization can be especially painful right now, because many of us are in need of extra support, given the trauma and stress caused by the pandemic.

    Your decision to try to socially distance was the right one. As a person in your 80s, you’re at higher risk of serious illness from COVID-19. You should feel proud that you’ve had the fortitude to do what’s right to protect yourself and others for all these months. At the same time, staying so isolated can be disheartening over time, and we all feel lonelier still when people we care about don’t support our decisions.

    For advice on helping you talk to your friends, I spoke to a pair of experts about your experience: Miriam Kirmayer, a Montreal-based clinical psychologist, and Suzanne Degges-White, a chair and professor of counseling and counseling education at Northern Illinois University. They agreed that it will probably be tough to change your friends’ minds about social distancing, but they offered advice for setting boundaries and standing up for your own needs and values.

    To Kirmayer, it seems like you’ve already taken a very important first step: you’ve explained to your friends what you find important, and why you feel the way you do. It can be easy to believe that our friends already know our beliefs and how they should treat us, but that isn’t always the case, she says.

    Once we’ve explained our needs and feelings, it’s important to set boundaries. Explain to your friends what you are willing to do and how you would like to be treated, then enforce those boundaries by repeating them over and over again. Kirmayer suggests using “I” language here: instead of listing things that the other person is doing wrong, explain the way certain things make you feel, like “I am not comfortable” going out to eat or to another gathering.

    You can also state outright the things that you need, like asking your friends to stop telling you about their social outings. For instance, you can say: “I really would like to feel that my situation, or my feelings, are being accepted in this situation.” It may take some time before they get the message, but it’s important to keep repeating the same thing. If your friends continue to repeatedly invite you to in-person activities even after you ask them to stop, or if they keep teasing you about your beliefs, you might say, “When you say this, I end up feeling very hurt,” or “I feel like I told you this several times, that I’m just not willing or able to do this. I’m now feeling like I’m not being heard, and that’s really hard for me. Can we talk about that?”

    Degges-White says you could also make it clear that you will end a conversation if someone crosses a boundary that you’ve previously set. For instance, if you tell people you’re not willing to argue about your decision to socially distance, and they try to pick a fight anyway, you could refuse to engage or end the conversation entirely. “If she respects their feelings, mutually, they should respect her feelings,” says Degges-White.

    Kirmayer adds that it may help to focus on the positive aspects of your friendships. Your friends probably aren’t asking you out to hurt your feelings—they probably miss you, and you’re lucky to have a group of people who enjoy your company. As you turn them down repeatedly, they might feel like you’re rejecting them and their friendship, even if that’s not your intention. Think about the reasons you like your friends and the things you have in common, and then try to steer your conversations to those things if they’re trying to talk about social distancing. And instead of just turning your friends down when they invite you to do something, you might suggest an alternative activity, such as having a happy hour or book group via video chat.

    “That helps our friends to feel as though we’re wanting to connect, we’re wanting to invest in our friendship, and can help maintain that bond,” says Kirmayer. “It really communicates our interest in staying friends.”

    Whether or not you choose to remain friends with this group of people, it might be worth making a special effort to build up your relationships with people who do support your decision to socially distance—including the friend you mentioned who’s also declining invitations to go out, or members of your extended family. It’s important that you continue to prioritize building connections with other people, both for your emotional wellbeing and general health. Degges-White recommends getting a weekly online event on your calendar, perhaps through your local senior center, faith organization or library. It’s crucial that you protect yourself from COVID-19, but also remember that connecting with other people is vital for your long-term health.

  • 2020-12-31,印度加强防疫,遏阻再度爆发另一波2019冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)疫情,印度首都新德里及境内主要大城纷纷在今天跨年夜下令实施宵禁

    2020-12-31,印度加强防疫,遏阻再度爆发另一波2019冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)疫情,印度首都新德里及境内主要大城纷纷在今天跨年夜下令实施宵禁。

    有关单位表示,新德里的宵禁将实施两天,每晚从11时至隔天早晨6时,即使宵禁前,聚会人数也不得超过5人。

    往昔迎新年,常见数以万计狂欢者涌入新德里,但因英国新变种病毒入侵,印度全面追踪近期自英国入境的数以万计民众,境内越来越多省分颁布针对新年集会的严格防疫禁令,人口2000万的新德里也跟进实施。

    至于金融大城孟买和其他位于马哈拉什特拉省(Maharashtra)的主要城市,已下令宵禁至明年1月5日。

    每年岁末年终的假期,总是吸引大批外籍观光客到此一游的拉吉斯坦省(Rajasthan)与北阿坎德省(Uttarakhand),还有坦米尔那都省(Tamil Nadu)、古茶拉底省(Gujarat)与卡纳塔卡省(Karnataka),也都下令新年假期期间宵禁。

  • 2020-12-31,俄罗斯已开始使用国产疫苗展开接种工作,许多民众对此怀抱希望,但不少人士质疑这支疫苗的效力,逾半民众对此疫苗没有信心

    2020-12-31,俄罗斯已开始使用国产疫苗展开接种工作,许多民众对此怀抱希望,但不少人士质疑这支疫苗的效力,因为俄国政府似乎只想赢得疫苗生产竞赛,逾半民众对此疫苗没有信心。

    全球市场研究调查公司易普索(Ipsos)本周民调显示,俄国只有43%的民众希望接种疫苗,反观美国及德国分别有69%及65%的民众有此意愿。其他俄国民调指出,仅有38%的俄国民众想要接种疫苗。

    传染病专家谢斯塔科娃(Irina Shestakova)接受俄罗斯新闻社(RIA)访问时坦承:「这令人担忧。(因为)尽快为大多数人口接种疫苗的国家便是胜利者。」

    列瓦达民意测验中心(Levada Center)负责人古德柯夫(Lev Gudkov)指出,围绕在俄制「卫星-V」(Sputnik-V)疫苗的宣传活动加剧了若干担忧。

    俄国总统普京(Vladimir Putin)在8月时宣布,「卫星-V」是全球首支注册的疫苗,引发对于俄国政府急于赢得疫苗生产竞赛的担忧。

    由于「卫星-V」取名自苏联于1957年冷战巅峰时期首颗发射的人造卫星,人们更认为俄国政府急于赢得疫苗生产竞赛。

    古德柯夫指出:「这次大规模(疫苗接种)计画引起极大的担忧和不信任。人们知道,对于普京而言,这支疫苗是俄国对抗西方的一部分。」

    俄国官方2019冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)疫情数据也引发怀疑。尽管俄国有大量感染人数,但官方死亡率仍相对较低。

    俄国计算官方死亡人数的方法只基于解剖证实,政府已为此辩护。列瓦达民意测验中心11月民调显示,只有27%的俄国民众对官方数据有信心。

  • 2020年12月31日晚,世卫组织正式通报了新冠病毒自出现以来的主要变异情况,包括四种变体

    当地时间2020年12月31日晚,世卫组织正式通报了新冠病毒自出现以来的主要变异情况,包括四种变体。

    2020年1月底至2月初,新冠病毒出现D614G突变,随后逐渐取代了最初发现的毒株。到2020年6月,该变体成为全球范围内主要传播的新冠病毒类型。研究表明,与初始毒株相比,该变体的感染性和传播能力都更高,但不会引起更严重的疾病,也不会影响现有的诊断、治疗、疫苗和公共卫生措施的有效性。

    2020年8至9月,丹麦发现一种与水貂相关的新冠病毒变体,被丹麦相关部门命名为“Cluster 5”,具有此前未曾观察到的变异。根据丹麦进行的初步研究,令人担忧的是,该变体可能减少自然感染或接种疫苗后所产生的免疫保护的范围和持续时间,相关评估仍在进行。目前丹麦仅在9月发现了12例人体感染此变体的病例,该变体似乎并未广泛传播。

    2020年12月14日,英国向世卫组织报告了一种被命名为VOC 202012/01的新冠病毒变体,最初出现在英格兰东南部。初步的流行病学研究表明,该变体具有更强的传播力,但其导致的疾病严重程度(以住院时间和28天死亡率评估)及再感染情况并没有变化,大多数诊断工具不受影响。截至12月30日,世卫组织六个区域中已有五个区域的其他31个国家和地区发现了此种变体。

    2020年12月18日,南非检测到一种新冠病毒变体,出现了N501Y突变,南非将其命名为501Y.V2变体,该变体正在南非三个省中迅速传播。尽管此前英国发现的变异新冠病毒也有N501Y突变,但分析表明其与南非发现的变异新冠病毒是不同的变体。11月16日之后的一周内,南非卫生部门在常规基因测序中发现,这种变体在很大程度上已取代了在东开普省、西开普省和夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省传播的其他新冠病毒。初步研究表明,该变体与更高的病毒载量有关,可能会增加传染性,但尚无证据表明其会引起更严重的疾病。还需展开进一步调查,以了解该变体对病毒传播、诊断、疫苗等方面的影响。截至12月30日,南非以外已有四个国家发现了该变体。

    世卫组织表示,受变异新冠病毒影响的国家正在展开流行病学和病毒学调查,以了解其流行程度,英国和南非发现的变异新冠病毒基因数据也已被分享。世卫组织同时指出,包括新冠病毒在内的所有病毒都会随时间推移而变化,大多数变异不会导致病毒传染性增加,有时甚至会限制其传播。随着人与动物感染频率的增加,病毒变异的可能性也会上升。

    世卫组织同时强调,虽然初步评估显示英国和南非发现的变异新冠病毒不会增加疾病严重性,但其会导致更高的发病率,产生更多住院及死亡病例,所以需要采取更严格的公共卫生措施来控制这些变异病毒的传播。世卫组织还建议各国增加对新冠病毒的常规基因测序,以更好地了解病毒传播并监测变体。

  • 2020年12月28日从中国疾控中心了解到,全国新冠肺炎血清流行病学调查和分析近期已完成。武汉地区的社区人群新冠抗体阳性率4.43%,湖北武汉外市州抗体阳性率0.44%,而湖北之外六省份的1.2万余人中仅检测到2例抗体阳性,阳性率极低

    12月28日从中国疾控中心了解到,全国新冠肺炎血清流行病学调查和分析近期已完成。

    调查发现,武汉地区的社区人群新冠抗体阳性率4.43%,湖北武汉外市州抗体阳性率0.44%,而湖北之外六省份的1.2万余人中仅检测到2例抗体阳性,阳性率极低。曾接触过新冠肺炎确诊病例的人群抗体阳性率明显高于其他人群,中老年人群抗体阳性率高于其他年龄段人群。这也是国内首次对不同流行水平地区基于人群的大规模新冠血清抗体阳性率调查。

    全国新冠肺炎血清流行病学调查显示,我国人群总体处于低感染水平。

    本次血清调查范围多大?

    3.4万余人

    据了解,此次调查旨在了解新冠肺炎不同流行水平地区普通人群新冠病毒感染情况,加深对新冠肺炎感染特征的科学认识,评估我国疫情防控效果。调查涵盖三类地区,包括武汉市、湖北武汉之外市州、以及湖北之外六个省份(北京、辽宁、上海、江苏、广东和四川),采用抽样调查设计选取社区人群3.4万余人,通过检测调查对象的血清新冠病毒抗体,估计人群中新冠病毒的感染水平。

    调查结果说明什么?

    我国人群总体处于低感染水平

    调查采用横断面调查方法,调查时点选取我国遏制第一波新冠肺炎疫情的一个月后开展。调查结果显示,我国人群总体处于低感染水平,表明以武汉为主战场的疫情控制取得成功,有效防止了疫情大规模扩散。

    为何实施血清调查?阐明传染病流行规律

    血清流行病学调查是采用血清学方法和技术开展的流行病学调查,通过对人群血清中特异性抗原或抗体的分布规律及其影响因素的分析研究,阐明传染性疾病的发生与流行的规律,评价预防接种的效果等。

    本次新冠肺炎血清流行病学调查是在我国遏制第一波新冠肺炎疫情的一个月后,在代表性地区开展的横断面调查,通过在人群中进行有代表性的抽样,采集血清标本进行抗体检测,了解新冠病毒在人群中的感染水平。

    与武汉此前大规模核酸筛查有何区别?

    了解既往感染状况

    血清流行病学调查的目的是了解人群新冠病毒既往感染状况,而人群大规模核酸筛查的目的是搜索发现现有病毒感染者。血清流行病学调查是检测血清中新冠病毒的抗体水平,而人群大规模核酸筛查是使用PCR方法检测新冠病毒核酸片段。

    人体血清中检测到特异性抗体(即抗体阳性)表明其为既往感染者,若进一步检测核酸结果为阴性,则表明该既往感染者体内病毒已被清除,不具有传染性。若核酸检测阳性,无论抗体检测结果如何,均表明该个体可能处于带毒状态,属于潜在传染源,尤其在病毒载量较高的潜伏期末和急性期传染性较高,提示需要对其进行隔离或救治,防止病毒传播。

    其他国家是否进行过类似调查?

    西班牙、瑞士等国曾调查

    在其他国家开展的全国代表性调查发现,经过第一波流行后,人群感染率总体较低。西班牙于4月27日至5月11日开展的两阶段随机抽样调查发现,全国平均血清抗体阳性率在3.7%-6.2%范围内。瑞士于4月6日至5月9日开展的全国代表性人群队列的追踪研究发现,第5周时抗体阳性率约11%。