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  • 23 January 2021 COVID-19: ‘Kelesuan pandemik’ faktor sikap tidak acuh dengan SOP

    Sudah setahun musibah koronavirus melanda dunia, namun harapan untuk menyaksikan wabak ini segera hilang di muka bumi masih belum menampakkan sinar.

    Kes positif COVID-19 di Malaysia juga tidak susut dan masyarakat pula seolah-olah sudah keletihan dengan kehidupan norma baharu sehingga culas pematuhan prosedur operasi standard (SOP).

    Mungkinkan mereka sudah berasa kebal terhadap jangkitan, atau sudah terlalu ‘penat’ sehingga tidak endah lagi dengan SOP?
    Pengarah Perubatan Klinik Pakar Kesihatan Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) Prof Madya Dr Mohd Radzniwan A. Rashid berkata ‘kelesuan pandemik’ mungkin menjadi antara faktor menyumbang kepada pengabaian dan sikap tidak acuh individu terhadap pematuhan SOP bagi membendung penularan pandemik COVID-19.

    “Kelesuan berkenaan didorong oleh beberapa fasa pelaksanaan Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) yang dilaksanakan kerajaan sejak Mac tahun lepas. Jika kita melihat kepada PKP pertama dahulu, rakyat rata-rata bersemangat dan bersama-sama berganding bahu dengan kerajaan bagi membendung penularan COVID-19 dan kita berjaya melandaikan keluk kes jangkitan COVID.

    “Namun sejak September tahun lepas ditambah dengan kebenaran merentas negeri serta Pilihan Raya Negeri (PRN) Sabah, kes positif COVID-19 kian bertambah. Ini membuatkan rakyat mula letih dan berfikir bila pandemik ini akan berakhir,” katanya kepada Bernama baru-baru ini.
    Pada 16 Jan, Malaysia pertama kali merekodkan kes harian tertinggi iaitu 4,029 kes sejak pandemik itu melanda negara. Sehingga semalam, kes kebolehjangkitan direkodkan adalah 42,814 kes manakala jumlah kematian akibat wabak itu sebanyak 660.

    Pada suatu ketika Malaysia berjaya melandaikan keluk jangkitan namun trend angka kes jangkitan tempatan saban hari kini menunjukkan situasi menggerunkan menuntut persoalanan – apa yang tidak kena dengan strategi kita mencegah penularan koronavirus yang boleh membawa maut ini?

    Mengupas persoalan, pensyarah perubatan di Fakulti Sains Perubatan dan Kesihatan USIM itu berkata kelemahan kawalan kendiri adalah faktor utama menyumbang kepada peningkatan kes jangkitan tempatan.

    “Sekarang ini, ada mengikut SOP dan ada yang tidak. Mengapa? Ini adalah kerana ‘kelesuan pandemik’ yang menyebabkan mereka leka dan tidak berwaspada meskipun saban hari kerap diingatkan supaya menjaga penjarakan fizikal, kerap membasuh tangan dan memakai pelitup muka.

    Meskipun diakui video-video menggerunkan memaparkan keadaan individu dijangkiti tersebar luas di media sosial ketika PKP pertama, banyak membantu meningkatkan kesedaran awam tentang bahaya COVID-19, namun kini ia tidak lagi memberi kesan.

    Dr Mohd Radzniwan berkata peningkatan kes positif kebelakangan ini antara lain berpunca daripada kelekaan masyarakat tentang bahaya COVID-19, berbanding ketika awal pandemik.

    Katanya semasa peringkat awal PKP dilaksanakan secara ketat pada Mac tahun lepas, rakyat tertunggu-tunggu perkembangan situasi semasa COVID-19, selain mendapat maklumat dan video yang diperoleh di media sosial sehingga mencetuskan rasa bimbang untuk keluar.

    “Namun kini kerana berasa selesa dengan persekitaran semasa, ada yang beranggapan mereka sentiasa selamat dan tidak akan dijangkiti, mereka alpa. Kegusaran kita adalah kita tidak tahu siapa yang positif memandangkan ada tidak bergejala… ini harus kita bimbangkan,” katanya.

    Pakar Perunding Kanan Psikiatri Universiti Malaya (UM) Prof Madya Dr Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin yang senada dengan Dr Mohd Radzniwan bersetuju faktor ‘kepenatan’ orang ramai mematuhi SOP, selain ada pihak tertentu yang tidak menunjukkan pematuhan SOP menyebabkan wujud sikap tidak acuh dalam kalangan masyarakat.

    Menjawab persoalan seakan wujud undang-undang berbeza antara rakyat dan pemimpin, Naib Presiden Kongres Persatuan Akademik Malaysia (MAAC) Prof Dr Ridhuan Tee Abdullah berkata rakyat perlu bijak dan tidak terikut dengan sikap yang tidak boleh dicontohi.

    “Kenapa rakyat mesti ikut pemimpin yang tidak boleh dicontohi? Rakyat perlu cerdik dalam memahami slogan ‘Kita Jaga Kita’. Pemimpin politik hari ini tidak boleh dicontohi selagi mana mereka tidak ada integriti,” katanya dan bersetuju tindakan berat sebelah yang diambil pihak berkuasa turut menyumbang kepada faktor peningkatan kes secara mendadak.

    “Sebab itu, undang-undang tidak boleh pilih kasih walaupun terhadap pemimpin… salah tetap salah, termasuk jika yang melakukan itu adalah menteri. Jika rakyat saja yang kena, akhirnya nanti rakyat sudah tidak percaya kepada undang-undang dan keadaan akan jadi lebih buruk,” katanya.

    Beliau berkata COVID-19 hanya dapat dikawal sekiranya pemimpin dan rakyat berganding bahu mematuhi SOP ditetapkan.

    “Isunya sekarang pemimpin terlalu berpolitik. Wabak tidak kenal pemimpin atau siapa pun dan berapa ramai menteri dan pemimpin kena COVID-19? Pemimpin sebegini tidak boleh dicontohi atau diikuti,” katanya.

  • 23 January 2021 Covid-19: 4,275 kes positif, jumlah tertinggi harian

    Jumlah kes positif baharu Covid-19 terus kekal empat digit dengan hari ini bilangannya mencecah 4,275 kes.

    Pertambahan kes baharu itu merupakan jumlah tertinggi dilaporkan setakat ini meskipun pernah melepasi 4,000 kes.

    Data terbaharu yang dikeluarkan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (KKM) menunjukkan sebanyak 4,264 kes merupakan penularan tempatan manakala 11 lagi merupakan kes import.

    Jumlah kes aktif dengan kebolehjangkitan pula mencatatkan bilangan sebanyak 42,769 kes dengan 260 kes dimasukkan ke Unit Rawatan Rapi (ICU) manakala, 103 lagi memerlukan alat bantuan pernafasan.

    Terdapat tujuh kes kematian baharu hari ini dengan jumlah kumulatif yang meninggal dunia akibat wabak itu di di negara ini iaitu 667 kematian.

    Bagaimanapun, jumlah kes sembuh turut mencatatkan peningkatan apabila hari ini kes pulih direkodkan sebanyak 4,313 kes.

    Kini Malaysia mencatatkan jumlah keseluruhan kes positif Covid-19 sebanyak 180,455 kes dengan kes sembuh keseluruhan iaitu 137,019 kes.

  • 美国CDC 2020年12月31日更新 如何保护自己和他人

    老年人和患有某些基础疾病(如心脏病或肺病或糖尿病)的人为COVID-19重病高风险人群。查看关于您是否为重病高风险人群的更多信息。减缓传播的三种重要方法

    最近7天的病例数1,263,640更新: Jan 23 2021 1:01PM


    查找所在社区的病例数头戴口罩图标

    佩戴口罩遮住口鼻

    • 口罩有助于防止您感染或传播病毒。
    • 即使您没生病,也有可能传播COVID-19。
    • 在公共场合以及周围有不与您同住的人,特别是在难以维持其他社交距离措施的情况下,每个人都应佩戴口罩
      • 2岁以下儿童,或呼吸困难、昏迷、丧失行为能力或在没有帮助的情况下无法摘下口罩的人不应佩戴口罩。
    • 请勿使用医护人员专用口罩。目前,医用口罩和N95呼吸防护面罩是至关重要的用品,应留给医护人员和其他急救人员使用。
    • 继续保持自己与他人之间约6英尺的距离。口罩不能取代安全社交距离。

    人与人之间有箭头的点亮图标

    与他人保持6英尺的距离

    远离人群

    • 处于人群当中(如餐厅、酒吧、健身中心或电影院)会使您面临更高的COVID-19风险。

    避免通风不良的空间

    • 尽量避免没有室外新鲜空气循环的室内空间。如果处于室内,在可能的情况下,打开门窗让新鲜空气进入。

    洗手点亮图标

    勤洗手

    • 经常使用肥皂和水洗手,时间不短于20秒,特别是当您出入公共场所后,或者擤鼻涕、咳嗽或打喷嚏之后。
    • 特别重要的洗手时刻:
      • 用餐或做饭前
      • 摸脸前
      • 便后
      • 离开公共场所后
      • 擤鼻涕、咳嗽或打喷嚏后
      • 处理完口罩后
      • 换尿布后
      • 照顾完病人后
      • 摸动物或宠物后
    • 如果没有现成的肥皂和水,可使用酒精含量至少为60%的免洗手消毒液。将其涂满您的双手,然后双手相互搓揉直至搓干。
    • 避免用未洗过的手接触眼口鼻

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    咳嗽及打喷嚏时掩住口鼻

    • 咳嗽或打喷嚏时,务必用纸巾或手肘内部遮住口鼻,请勿吐痰。
    • 将用过的纸巾扔进垃圾桶。
    • 立即用肥皂和水洗手,时间不短于20秒。如果无法马上找到肥皂和水,可使用酒精含量至少为60%的免洗手消毒液清洁双手。

    喷雾瓶图标

    清洁和消毒

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    每天监控您的健康状况

    • 警惕症状。留意发烧、咳嗽、气短或其他COVID-19的症状
    • 如果出现症状,请检测体温
      • 不要在运动后30分钟内或服用对乙酰氨基酚等可能降低体温的药物后检测体温。
    • 如果症状加重,请遵循CDC指南

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    在这个流感季节保护您的健康

    流感病毒和COVID-19病毒将可能同时在这个秋冬传播,医疗系统可能因同时治疗流感患者和COVID-19患者而不堪重负。这意味着在2020-2021之际接种流感疫苗至关重要。虽然流感疫苗不提供COVID-19保护,但其具备很多重要作用,例如:

    1. 流感疫苗已表明可降低流感疾病、住院治疗和死亡的风险。
    2. 接种流感疫苗还可以节约医疗资源,以供护理COVID-19患者。
  • Sat 23 Jan 2021 Vaccine experts defend UK decision to delay second Pfizer Covid jab. Medics told they risk undermining public confidence by querying policy of three-month gap between doses

    Leading vaccine experts have backed the government’s decision to delay the second dose for up to three months, after doctors warned that the strategy was proving “ever-more difficult to justify”.

    The British Medical Association (BMA), which represents doctors, has suggested that the UK has become “increasingly isolated internationally” by deciding that the second dose of the Pfizer vaccine can be delayed, and called for a maximum delay of six weeks. However, several prominent scientists backed the government’s plan to maximise the number of people receiving their first dose.

    Dr Mike Osborn, president of the Royal College of Pathologists, said the college supports the government plan to delay second doses. “The data and information we have been provided with supports the way the vaccine is being used, which is particularly designed to vaccinate as many people as possible to protect the population as much as possible,” he said. “When you take the risks and the benefits associated with the information, that seems to be the best way forward – with the caveat that this is a very rapidly evolving situation.”

    The latest figures show on Saturday there were 33,552 new confirmed cases, 37,899 people in hospital with the disease and 1,348 deaths recorded.

    Professor David Salisbury, the former director of immunisation at the Department of Health, said the BMA’s intervention risked “undermining the confidence that doctors and the public can have in the recommendations that have been made after very careful consideration”. He added: “This wasn’t just a knee-jerk recommendation. It was carefully considered by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). They gave their advice to the four chief medical officers.”

    Peter English, a former chairman of the BMA’s public health medicine committee, also backed the current approach. “If we do see immunity tailing off before 12 weeks, we can rapidly change the policy and give the second dose earlier,” he said. “I think that is extremely unlikely but it could be done if it was necessary. We are not burning any bridges by taking this current approach.”

    Eleanor Riley, professor of Immunology at Edinburgh University, said: “It is always uncomfortable to be an outlier in terms of international practice and I expect doctors are receiving questions and expressions of concern from their patients. However, there is no evidence that the immune response induced by either the Pfizer or the AstraZeneca vaccine declines markedly over 12 weeks after the first vaccination.”

    However, there are now calls for the evidence behind the strategy to be published and for urgent trials to be conducted into the effects of delaying the second dose. According to the JCVI, unpublished data suggests the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is still effective when the doses are administered 12 weeks apart. Pfizer has said it had only tested its vaccine’s efficacy when the two doses were given up to 21 days apart. The World Health Organization has said second doses of the Pfizer vaccine should only be delayed “in exceptional circumstances” and recommended a gap of four weeks.

    Jeremy Farrar, a leading figure on the government’s Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Sage), called for an investment in studies.

    Stephen Dorrell, the former Tory health secretary, said more of the evidence behind the strategy needed to be revealed. “It’s a perfect example of where the advice has to be published, as well as the evidence on which it is based,” he said. “I think the BMA is actually on this occasion posing a perfectly legitimate question. The medical community is entitled to see the evidence on which this decision was based.”

    Chris Whitty, the chief medical officer, has said delaying the second dose was a “public health decision” based on the best advice and balance of risks.

    Further support for the practice of delaying second vaccine doses also emerged from Israel last week. Earlier reports there had indicated that Pfizer vaccine first doses had provided poor virus protection in one preliminary study.

    However, these results were emphatically countered by a new study carried at the Rambam Health Care Campus in Haifa where 91% of 1,800 doctors given their first vaccine jab were found to have a major presence of antibodies. A further 2% showed a moderate presence of antibodies.

    All this comes as NHS leaders warn against any suggestion that lockdown measures could begin to be lifted from the start of March. They say any such move remains too dangerous while the degree to which vaccinated people can still spread Covid is unknown. Writing for the Observer online, Chris Hopson, the chief executive of NHS Providers, said: “We still can’t guarantee what the supply of vaccines will be and how quickly we will therefore be able to vaccinate the population. We still don’t fully understand the impact of vaccination on transmission and need more data before deciding how quickly we can loosen restrictions without triggering infection and resulting death and harm in those who haven’t been vaccinated.”

    The deputy chief medical officer, Jonathan Van-Tam, also warned that vaccination on its own does not mean people can return to life as normal. “Regardless of whether someone has had their vaccination or not, it is vital that everyone follows the national restrictions and public health advice, as protection takes up to three weeks to kick in and we don’t yet know the impact of vaccines on transmission. The vaccine is rightly something to celebrate – let’s stay patient, stay at home and support the NHS as it continues to roll out the vaccine.”

    Meanwhile, other senior figures are pushing for further measures to be put in place to combat the virus. Commons health select committee chair Jeremy Hunt told the Observer that people should be required to wear higher-grade masks on public transport and in shops. “Current lockdown measures are just not working fast enough,” he said.

    Germany and Austria have toughened rules around masks in the last few days.

  • Jan 24, 2021, Slowly, but steadily, fear of the Covid vaccine is waning

    NEW DELHI: The number of healthcare workers registering to take the vaccine showed a slow but inexorable rise on Saturday across Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and Jharkand. In Tamil Nadu, however, the number of people being inoculated against Covid-19 fell.
    The reasons for the rise were varying, from those emboldened by seeing senior doctors subject themselves to the first dose to a positive review in Lancetto news about recoveries among people who had reported adverse reactions and foreign demand for Indian-manufactured vaccines.

    A Lancet report has said Covaxin has proved safe and has produced an immune response in a small group of adults aged 18 to 55.
    Madhya Pradesh saw a rise in the vaccine curve, going by the turnout of the first four days. On day 1, January 16, just over 64% of the 15,000 intended beneficiaries had turned up. It shot up to 67.3%, and this led the authorities to increase the target for day 4, January 21, to 16,881.

    Though the overall vaccination rate in Bihar hovered about 50%, individual state government-run hospitals were showing an upward trend on Saturday with more and more healthcare workers stepping to be inoculated. For instance, Patna Medical College and Hospital (PMCH) saw a 107% turnout on Saturday.
    “Thankfully six beneficiaries who were supposed to take the shot on another day, voluntarily came forward to get the vaccine on Saturday,” Dr Bimal Karak, PMCH superintendent, said. He cited several reasons for this improvement, including the positive report on Covaxin appearing in the Lancet. Another factor was the coming forward of heads of hospitals and senior health department officials, which helped address the hesitancy among healthcare workers.
    In Jharkhand, too, the Lancet review and reports of foreign demand for the Indian-developed vaccine boosted confidence. Jharkhand’s vaccination drive nodal officer Dr Ajit Prasad said: “We have reported a hike of around 8% in turnout as our coverage on Thursday touched 68% from an average of 60% reported last week. The reason behind the increase is the confidence developing among our healthcare workers after medical experts globally vouched for the efficacy of an Indian vaccine.”
    Around 24,282 healthcare workers were inoculated in Maharashtra on Saturday, the fifth day of vaccinations in the state. It managed to cover 83% of the targeted number, up from 73% a day earlier.
    Maharashtra, in fact, recorded the highest turnout among the 27 states that had vaccination drives on Saturday. Mumbai managed its highest score so far, with 4,374 healthcare workers — 90% of the target — taking the vaccine.
    In TN, a day after health minister Vijayabaskar, a doctor, took the indigenous Covaxin to motivate healthcare providers, the state reported a drop in the number of vaccinations to 7,575 (till 7 pm) from the 8,704 vaccinations it had reported by the same time on Friday and 9,277 on Thursday.