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Dose #1

11–12 years (can start at age 9)

Dose #2

6–12 months after the first dose

Two doses of HPV vaccine are recommended for children at ages 11–12; the vaccine can be given starting at age 9 years.

Children who start the HPV vaccine series on or after their 15th birthday need three doses given over 6 months.

If your teen hasn’t gotten the vaccine yet, talk to their doctor about getting it as soon as possible.medical icon

Vaccines protect your child before they are exposed to an infection. That’s why HPV vaccine is recommended earlier rather than later: to protect your child long before they are ever exposed to the virus.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Some health effects caused by HPV can be prevented by the HPV vaccines.

What is HPV?

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). HPV is a different virus than HIV and HSV (herpes). 79 million Americans, most in their late teens and early 20s, are infected with HPV. There are many different types of HPV. Some types can cause health problems including genital warts and cancers. But there are vaccines that can stop these health problems from happening.

How is HPV spread?

You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. It is most commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex. HPV can be passed even when an infected person has no signs or symptoms.

Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, even if you have had sex with only one person. You also can develop symptoms years after you have sex with someone who is infected. This makes it hard to know when you first became infected.

Does HPV cause health problems?

In most cases, HPV goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer.

Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose warts by looking at the genital area.

Does HPV cause cancer?

HPV can cause cervical and other cancers including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (called oropharyngeal cancer).

Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers.

There is no way to know which people who have HPV will develop cancer or other health problems. People with weak immune systems (including those with HIV/AIDS) may be less able to fight off HPV. They may also be more likely to develop health problems from HPV.

How can I avoid HPV and the health problems it can cause?

You can do several things to lower your chances of getting HPV.

Get vaccinated. The HPV vaccine is safe and effective. It can protect against diseases (including cancers) caused by HPV when given in the recommended age groups. (See “Who should get vaccinated?” below) CDC recommends HPV vaccination at age 11 or 12 years (or can start at age 9 years) and for everyone through age 26 years, if not vaccinated already. For more information on the recommendations, please see: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/public/index.html

Get screened for cervical cancer. Routine screening for women aged 21 to 65 years old can prevent cervical cancer.

If you are sexually active

• Use latex condoms the right way every time you have sex. This can lower your chances of getting HPV. But HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom – so condoms may not fully protect against getting HPV;
• Be in a mutually monogamous relationship – or have sex only with someone who only has sex with you.

Who should get vaccinated?

HPV vaccination is recommended at age 11 or 12 years (or can start at age 9 years) and for everyone through age 26 years, if not vaccinated already.

Vaccination is not recommended for everyone older than age 26 years. However, some adults age 27 through 45 years who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after speaking with their healthcare provider about their risk for new HPV infections and the possible benefits of vaccination. HPV vaccination in this age range provides less benefit. Most sexually active adults have already been exposed to HPV, although not necessarily all of the HPV types targeted by vaccination.

At any age, having a new sex partner is a risk factor for getting a new HPV infection. People who are already in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship are not likely to get a new HPV infection.

How do I know if I have HPV?

There is no test to find out a person’s “HPV status.” Also, there is no approved HPV test to find HPV in the mouth or throat.

There are HPV tests that can be used to screen for cervical cancer. These tests are only recommended for screening in women aged 30 years and older. HPV tests are not recommended to screen men, adolescents, or women under the age of 30 years.

Most people with HPV do not know they are infected and never develop symptoms or health problems from it. Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV when they get an abnormal Pap test result (during cervical cancer screening). Others may only find out once they’ve developed more serious problems from HPV, such as cancers.

How common is HPV and the health problems caused by HPV?

HPV (the virus): About 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV. About 14 million people become newly infected each year. HPV is so common that almost every person who is sexually-active will get HPV at some time in their life if they don’t get the HPV vaccine.

Health problems related to HPV include genital warts and cervical cancer.

Genital warts: Before HPV vaccines were introduced, roughly 340,000 to 360,000 women and men were affected by genital warts caused by HPV every year.* Also, about one in 100 sexually active adults in the U.S. has genital warts at any given time.

Cervical cancer: Every year, nearly 12,000 women living in the U.S. will be diagnosed with cervical cancer, and more than 4,000 women die from cervical cancer—even with screening and treatment.

There are other conditions and cancers caused by HPV that occur in people living in the United States. Every year, approximately 19,400 women and 12,100 men are affected by cancers caused by HPV.

*These figures only look at the number of people who sought care for genital warts. This could be an underestimate of the actual number of people who get genital warts.

I’m pregnant. Will having HPV affect my pregnancy?

If you are pregnant and have HPV, you can get genital warts or develop abnormal cell changes on your cervix. Abnormal cell changes can be found with routine cervical cancer screening. You should get routine cervical cancer screening even when you are pregnant.

Can I be treated for HPV or health problems caused by HPV?

There is no treatment for the virus itself. However, there are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause:

1. Genital warts can be treated by your healthcare provider or with prescription medication. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number.
2. Cervical precancer can be treated. Women who get routine Pap tests and follow up as needed can identify problems before cancer develops. Prevention is always better than treatment. For more information visit www.cancer.orgexternal icon.
3. Other HPV-related cancers are also more treatable when diagnosed and treated early. For more information visit www.cancer.orgexternal icon.

HPV, or human papillomavirus, is a common virus that can lead to 6 types of cancers later in life. You can protect your child from developing these cancers by giving HPV vaccine at ages 11–12 years.

HPV infections are common

HPV infections are so common that nearly all men and women will get HPV at some point in their lives. Nearly 80 million Americans are currently infected with HPV. About 14 million Americans, including teens, become infected each year.

HPV is spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact. You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus.

Some HPV infections can lead to cancer

Most HPV infections (9 out of 10) go away by themselves within 2 years. But sometimes, HPV infections will last longer and can cause certain types of cancers. HPV infections can cause cancers of the:

• cervix, vagina, and vulva in women;
• penis in men; and
• anus and back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (oropharynx), in both women and men.

Every year in the United States, HPV is estimated to cause nearly 36,000 cases of cancer in men and women.

Prevent cancer with the HPV vaccine

CDC recommends children get two doses of HPV vaccine at ages 11–12 years. HPV vaccination can be started at age 9 years. For HPV vaccine to be most effective, the series should be given before children are ever exposed to the virus.medical icon

Children who get the first dose before their 15^th birthday only need two doses. Children who get the first dose on or after their 15^th birthday need three doses.

美国食品和药物管理局即将对数家公司研发的新冠疫苗进行紧急临床应用的审批。这些公司披露的临床试验结果十分令人鼓舞，让大家对今年年末可以开始分期分批接种疫苗抱有信心。人们正在经历百年不遇的世界性瘟疫，但是曙光终于出现在黑暗隧道的尽头。

在过去的将近一年时间里，很多国家都在研制新冠疫苗。有的在没有公布公认的疫苗安全有效性数据的情况下，就开始了相当规模的接种，甚至对外出口。欧美国家对此则持审慎的态度，即使因为这次疫情的突然性和严重性，医药企业加速研制药物和疫苗，监管部门在制订专项政策和法规的同时，对药物的安全有效性的审核并没有大开绿灯。下面是美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）对新冠疫苗研发审批相关规定的简略介绍，以及几家药企最近完成三期临床试验的结果数据。

在新冠疫苗进行了常规毒性和动物实验、获得可接受的临床前数据之后，应首先招募10-100名身体健康、对新冠病毒病风险低的成年人进行早期试验，以排除疫苗诱发呼吸系统疾病的风险。

为确保新冠疫苗大规模接种的有效性，疫苗的双盲临床试验，与安慰剂组对照功效试验的有效率不得低于50%。双盲实验的参与者，应该包括各个年龄段的人群，涵盖不同性别、地域和种族。无论是疫苗组还是安慰剂组，参与者在试验期间要遵循同样的行为与生活指南。第三期试验的参与者，疫苗注射组不得少于3,000人。

目前已经宣布完成第三期临床试验的几家药企，它们的疫苗有效率都达到了94~95%，而且试验参与人数都远超规定的要求。

美国辉瑞制药与在纳斯达克上市的德企BIONTECH生物制药公司，在11月18日宣布它们联合开发的疫苗BNT162b2的第三期临床试验结果，达到了FDA紧急使用授权的要求，并且已经向FDA提交了授权使用的申请。

该疫苗第三期试验参与者人数超过4万3千人，没有发现严重的安全隐患，超过2%的三级（即最轻的一级）不良反应事件只有两类，即感觉疲劳（3.8%）和头痛（2.0%）。

在首次给药后的28天内，有170例新冠病毒感染确诊病例，其中安慰剂组162例，疫苗组8例，疫苗对COVID-19的有效率为95％。对不同年龄、性别、种族和族裔人口的疗效都一致，公布的结果特别指出，其疫苗对65岁以上人群的有效率超过94％。

这两家公司除了向FDA提交紧急使用授权申请之外，还将与全球其他监管机构共享数据。它们预计到今年年底之前，将生产多达5000万剂疫苗，到2021年底将生产多达13亿剂疫苗。

另外一支疫苗，mRNA-1273，则是由美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）与莫德纳公司联合开发的。它们也在11月底向FDA提交了紧急使用授权申请。

mRNA-1273疫苗从今年7月份开始进入第三期临床试验，上个月底它们发布了第三期试验结果：在多达3万名18岁以上的美国志愿者当中，有7,000人年龄超过65岁。在65岁以下的志愿者当中，超过5,000人患有糖尿病、严重肥胖或心脏病，属于新冠疫情当中的高危人群，占志愿者总人数的42%。

该疫苗的第三期临床试验到10月中下旬才达到规定的人数要求，是因为少数族裔志愿者参与比例问题。最终有了多达11,000名少数族裔参与者，占总人数的37％，与全国的人口族裔比例相似，包括6,000多名西裔、3,000多名非裔美国人。

全部志愿者当中，有196人感染了新冠肺炎，其中185人接受的是安慰剂，因此疫苗的有效率为94.1%。感染者有30例属于重症患者，包括1例死亡，全部都在安慰剂组。

该疫苗对不同族裔和年龄组别的效果基本一致。接受试验后感染新冠肺炎的196人当中，有33人是65岁或以上的老年人，42人为少数族裔，即西语裔29人，非裔6人，亚裔4人，以及多族裔3人。疫苗的不良反应轻微，主要是发烧或皮肤过敏，持续时间仅为一至两天。

NIH和莫德纳的疫苗，预计在今年年底之前将可以在美国投放2,000万支，明年至少将生产8,000万支疫苗。

由于新冠疫情的紧迫性和严重性，现在只是进行紧急使用授权审批，最终作为疫苗批准上市，还需要回答许多问题，包括疫苗对抵御病毒的长期效力；对超过65岁以上老年人的抗疫效果；对身患慢性疾病例如心脏病或肥胖症患者有何影响；对疫情受创严重的少数族裔需要更多的效果验证；疫苗对无症状感染者的效果，包括注射了疫苗是否仍然可能传播新型冠状病毒；以及对孕期妇女（辉瑞疫苗没有她们参与试验）和12岁以下的儿童的免疫效果等。这些问题需要经过大规模注射、大约两年的考验期才能得到答案。

Only a few types of GMO crops are grown in the United States, but some of these GMOs make up a large percentage of the crop grown (e.g., soybeans, corn, sugar beets, canola, and cotton).

In 2018, GMO soybeans made up 94% of all soybeans planted, GMO cotton made up 94% of all cotton planted, and 92% of corn planted was GMO corn.

In 2013, GMO canola made up 95% of canola planted while GMO sugar beets made up 99.9% of all sugar beets harvested.

Most GMO plants are used to make ingredients that are then used in other food products, for example, cornstarch made from GMO corn or sugar made from GMO sugar beets.

Corn:

Corn is the most commonly grown crop in the United States, and most of it is GMO. Most GMO corn is created to resist insect pests or tolerate herbicides. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn is a GMO corn that produces proteins that are toxic to certain insect pests but not to humans, pets, livestock, or other animals. These are the same types of proteins that organic farmers use to control insect pests, and they do not harm other, beneficial insects such as ladybugs. GMO Bt corn reduces the need for spraying insecticides while still preventing insect damage. While a lot of GMO corn goes into processed foods and drinks, most of it is used to feed livestock, like cows, and poultry, like chickens.

Soybean:

Most soy grown in the United States is GMO soy. Most GMO soy is used for food for animals, predominantly poultry and livestock, and making soybean oil. It is also used as ingredients (lecithin, emulsifiers, and proteins) in processed foods.

Cotton:

GMO cotton was created to be resistant to bollworms and helped revive the Alabama cotton industry. GMO cotton not only provides a reliable source of cotton for the textile industry, it is also used to make cottonseed oil, which is used in packaged foods and in many restaurants for frying. GMO cottonseed meal and hulls are also used in food for animals.

Potato:

Some GMO potatoes were developed to resist insect pests and disease. In addition, some GMO potato varieties have been developed to resist bruising and browning that can occur when potatoes are packaged, stored, and transported, or even cut in your kitchen. While browning does not change the quality of the potato, it often leads to food being unnecessarily thrown away because people mistakenly believe browned food is spoiled.

Papaya:

By the 1990s, ringspot virus disease had nearly wiped out Hawaii’s papaya crop, and in the process almost destroyed the papaya industry in Hawaii. A GMO papaya, named the Rainbow papaya, was created to resist ringspot virus. This GMO saved papaya farming on the Hawaiian Islands.

Summer Squash:

GMO summer squash is resistant to some plant viruses. Squash was one of the first GMOs on the market, but it is not widely grown.

Canola:

GMO canola is used mostly to make cooking oil and margarine. Canola seed meal can also be used in food for animals. Canola oil is used in many packaged foods to improve food consistency. Most GMO canola is resistant to herbicides and helps farmers to more easily control weeds in their fields.

Alfalfa:

GMO alfalfa is primarily used to feed cattle—mostly dairy cows. Most GMO alfalfa is resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to spray the crops to protect them against destructive weeds that can reduce alfalfa production and lower the nutritional quality of the hay.

Apple:

A few varieties of GMO apples were developed to resist browning after being cut. This helps cut down on food waste, as many consumers think brown apples are spoiled.

Sugar Beet:

Sugar beets are used to make granulated sugar. More than half the granulated sugar packaged for grocery store shelves is made from GMO sugar beets. Because GMO sugar beets are resistant to herbicides, growing GMO sugar beets helps farmers control weeds in their fields.